Thinking:

Algorithm

• a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem

Available Heuristics

• estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.

Cognition

• all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating 

Confirmation Bias

• the tendency to search for info that confirms one's preconceptions

Functional Fixedness

• the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

Heuristics 

• a simple thinking strategy that allows you to make judgments and problem solving more efficient. 
• more error prone than algorithms 

Mental Set

• the tendency to approach a problem in a certain way
• using a way that's been successful 

Over Confidence

• the tendency to be more confident than correct
• they overestimate their judgments and beliefs

Representative Heuristics 

• judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent/ match the prototype. 
• this could lead someone to ignore relevant information