Memory 

• The persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information. 

The Memory Process 

• Encoding 
• Storage 
• Retrieval 

Encoding 

• The processing of information into the memory system. 
• Ex: asking a girl's number from a party

Storage 

• The retention of encoded material over time.

Retrieval 

• The process of getting the information out of memory storage 
• Ex: seeing a girl at the party but forgetting her name and calling her by the wrong name. 

Recall VS. Recognition

• With Recall - you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).
• With Recognition - you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).

Flashbulb Memory 

• A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event. 
• Where were you when?
• You heard about 9/11? You heard the death of a family member? 

Types of Memory 

• Sensory Memory 
• Short - Term Memory 
• Working Memory 

Sensory Memory 

• The immediate, initial recording if sensory information in the memory system. 
• Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed. 
• Ex: you lose concentration in class during a lecture. Suddenly you hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You should be able to remember what was just before the key word since it's in your sensory register. 

Short - Term Memory 

• Memory that holds a few items briefly. 
• Seven digits (plus of minus two) 
• The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten. 

Working Memory (Modern day STM)

• Another way of describing the use of short-term memory is called working memory. 
• Working - Memory has three parts:
• 1. Audio 2. Visual 3. Integration of audio & visual (controls where attention lies) 

Long- Term Memory 

• The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. 

Automatic Processing 

• Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
• You encode space, time, and word meaning without effort. 
• Things can become automatic with practice 

Effortful Processing 

• Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. 
• Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. 
• Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.